Nurturing Identity, Shaping Communities, and Forging New Pathways: Racially Minoritized Youth Climate Justice Activists’ Perspectives
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.7153Mots-clés :
mouvement pour la justice climatique, jeunes militant[e]s racialisé[e]s, éducation à la justice climatique, environnementalisme intersectionnel, résilience des jeunes, solidarité relationnelle, éthique relationnelleRésumé
Cette étude explore les expériences de jeunes activistes racialisés impliqués dans le mouvement pour la justice climatique. De juillet à octobre 2023, j’ai mené des entrevues narratives semi-structurées avec 15 jeunes Noirs, Autochtones et non-Blancs en Ontario, âgés de 18 à 29 ans, affiliés à une organisation de justice climatique depuis au moins six mois. À travers la cartographie temporelle et les entrevues semi-structurées, les participants et participantes ont mis en lumière les événements marquants de leur vie ayant façonné leurs valeurs orientées vers la justice. Trois thèmes principaux ont émergé : le développement de l’identité, l’influence des communautés et des écoles, ainsi que la création de nouvelles voies pour le leadership des jeunes racialisés. Les résultats soulignent l’autonomisation que ressentent les jeunes grâce à l’action locale et à l’engagement communautaire. Ancrée dans la solidarité relationnelle et l’éthique relationnelle, cette étude met en avant la nécessité pour les systèmes d’éducation canadiens d’intégrer des pédagogies solides en matière de justice climatique, ainsi qu’un apprentissage interdisciplinaire et orienté vers l’action, afin de renforcer l’efficacité et le leadership des élèves. Elle vise à améliorer les façons dont les éducateurs, les décideurs politiques et les parties prenantes peuvent s’engager en faveur de la justice climatique, en s’inspirant des activistes racialisés.
Statistiques
Références
Ahmed, S. (2004). The cultural politics of emotion. Edinburgh University Press.
Ajele, T. (2021, June 17). Here’s why ‘BIPOC’ doesn’t do it for me. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/road-ahead-why-bipoc-doesn-t-do-it-for-me-tomi-ajele-1.6067753
Barnes, B. R. (2022). Racism, climate activism, and the politics of apology: The image exclusion of Black youth activists. South African Journal of Psychology, 52(4), 522–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463221131213
Barnwell, G., & Wood, N. (2022). Climate justice is central to addressing the climate emergency’s psychological consequences in the Global South: A narrative review. South African Journal of Psychology, 52(4), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463211073384
Berends, L. (2011). Embracing the visual: Using timelines with in-depth interviews on substance use and treatment. Qualitative Report, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2011.1036
Bieler, A., Haluza-Delay, R., Dale, A., & McKenzie, M. (2017). A national overview of climate change education policy: Policy coherence between subnational climate and education policies in Canada (K-12). Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 11(2), 63–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973408218754625
Bigelow, B., & Dankbar, H. (2016). Climate change, education, and social justice: A conversation with Bill Bigelow. Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis, 5(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31274/jctp-180810-62
Biswas, T., & Mattheis, N. (2021). Strikingly educational: A childist perspective on children’s civil disobedience for climate justice. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1880390
Black, C., Cerdeña, J. P., & Spearman-McCarthy, E. V. (2023). I am not your minority. The Lancet Regional Health – Americas, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2023.100464
Borgerding, L. A., Heisler, J. L., Beaver, B. C., & Prince, A. O. (2024). Secondary science teachers’ views and approaches for teaching for climate justice and action. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 35(3), 320–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2023.2265715
Bowman, B. (2020). “They don’t quite understand the importance of what we are doing today”: The people’s climate strikes as subaltern activism. Sustainable Earth, 3(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-020-00038-x
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bright, M. L., & Eames, C. (2021). From apathy through anxiety to action: Emotions as motivators for youth climate strike leaders. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 38(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/aee.2021.22
Burton, N. (2019, October 11). Meet the young activists of color who are leading the charge against climate disaster. Vox. https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/10/11/20904791/young-climate-activists-of-color
Burton, N. (2020, May 14). People of color experience climate grief more deeply than white people. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/people-of-colour-experience-climate-grief-more-deeply-than-white-people/
Buttigieg, K., & Pace, P. (2013). Positive youth action towards climate change. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 15(1), 15–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2013-0002
Chen, S. Y., & Liu, S. Y. (2020). Developing students’ action competence for a sustainable future: A review of educational research. Sustainability, 12(4), 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041374
Cillizza, C. (2019, December 13). We should all be appalled by Donald Trump’s tweet about Greta Thunberg. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/12/politics/greta-thunberg-donald-trump/index.html
Clay, K. L., & Turner, D. C. (2021). “Maybe you should try it this way instead”: Youth activism amid managerialist subterfuge. American Educational Research Journal, 58(2), 386–419. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831221993476
Clayton, S. (2020). Mental health on a changing planet. In S. Myers & H. Frumkin (Eds.), Planetary health: Protecting nature to protect ourselves (pp. 221–224). Island Press.
Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2020). Intersectionality. John Wiley & Sons.
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176100
Curnow, J., & Helferty, A. (2018). Contradictions of solidarity: Whiteness, settler coloniality, and the mainstream environmental movement. Environment and Society, 9(1), 145–163. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26879583
Cutter-Mackenzie, A., & Rousell, D. (2019). Education for what? Shaping the field of climate change education with children and young people as co-researchers. Children’s Geographies, 17(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1467556
Dahir, A. L. (2021, May 7). Erased from a Davos photo, a Ugandan climate activist is back in the picture. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/africa/vanessa-nakate-climate-change-uganda.html
Dei, G. (1996). Anti-racism education: Theory and practice. Fernwood Publishing.
Donald, D. (2012a). Forts, colonial frontier logics, and Aboriginal-Canadian relations: Imagining decolonizing educational philosophies in Canadian contexts. In A. A. Abdi (Ed.), Decolonizing philosophies of education (pp. 91–111). Sense Publishers.
Donald, D. (2012b). Indigenous Métissage: A decolonizing research sensibility. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(5), 533–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2011.554449
Donald, D. (2012c). Forts, curriculum, and ethical relationality. In N. Ng-A-Fook & J. Rottmann (Eds.), Reconsidering Canadian curriculum studies: Provoking historical, present, and future perspectives (pp. 39–46). Palgrave Macmillan.
Draaisma, M. (2023, September 21). Advocates cheer decision to leave Greenbelt alone but say Ontario’s planning policies still a concern. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/greenbelt-reaction-advocacy-groups-1.6974927
Evelyn, K. (2020, January 29). “Like I wasn’t there”: Climate activist Vanessa Nakate on being erased from a movement. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/29/vanessa-nakate-interview-climate-activism-cropped-photo-davos
Field, E., & Howlett, S. (2023). Climate leadership within Canadian school boards: 2023 review. Climate Change Learning Canada. https://climatechangelearningcanada.org/2023-review/
Field, E., Schwartzberg, P., & Berger, P. (2019). Canada, climate change and education: Opportunities for public and formal education. Learning for a Sustainable Future. https://lsf-lst.ca/media/National_Report/National_Climate_Change_Education_FINAL.pdf
Field, E., Spiropoulos, G., Nguyen, A. T., & Grewal, R. K. (2023). Climate change education within Canada’s regional curricula: A systematic review of gaps and opportunities. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 202, 155–184. https://doi.org/10.7202/1099989ar
Fine, J. C., Gray, S., Grosse, C., & Mark, B. (2023). A song in a cold place: The role of emotions in motivating youth activism and advancing justice at the COP. Climate and Development, 16(10), 848–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2023.2261406
Fisher, S. R. (2016). Life trajectories of youth committing to climate activism. Environmental Education Research, 22(2), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1007337
Galway, L. P., & Field, E. (2023). Climate emotions and anxiety among young people in Canada: A national survey and call to action. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2023.100204
Gaztambide-Fernández, R. A. (2012). Decolonization and the pedagogy of solidarity. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society, 1(1), 41–67. https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/18633
Gaztambide-Fernández, R. A. (2021). The trials of solidarity: A defence. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 64(3), 302–314. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2021.0022
Gaztambide-Fernández, R., Brant, J., & Desai, C. (2022). Toward a pedagogy of solidarity. Curriculum Inquiry, 52(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/03626784.2022.2082733
Gray, E-S. (2023). Diverse voices of youth climate justice activism: Perspectives on success(es) and challenges in the movement [Master’s thesis, University of Cincinnati]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1692281995268419
Grewal, R. K., Field, E., & Berger, P. (2022). Bringing climate injustices to the forefront: Learning from the youth climate justice movement. In E. M. Walsh (Ed.), Justice and equity in climate change education: Exploring social and ethical dimensions of environmental education (pp. 41–70). Routledge.
Grosse, C. (2019). Climate justice movement building: Values and cultures of creation in Santa Barbara, California. Social Sciences, 8(3), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030079
Han, H., & Ahn, S. W. (2020). Youth mobilization to stop global climate change: Narratives and impact. Sustainability, 12(10), 4127. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104127
Hickman, C., Marks, E., Pihkala, P., Clayton, S., Lewandowski, E., Mayall, E., Wray, B., Mellor, C., & van Susteren, L. (2021). Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: A global survey. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(12), e863–e873. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(21)00278-3/fulltext
Holmberg, A., & Alvinius, A. (2020). Children’s protest in relation to the climate emergency: A qualitative study on a new form of resistance promoting political and social change. Childhood, 27(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568219879970
hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. Routledge.
Kanbur, R. (2018). Education for climate justice. Review of Development and Change, 23(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972266120180105
Karsgaard, C., & Davidson, D. (2023). Must we wait for youth to speak out before we listen? International youth perspectives and climate change education. Educational Review, 75(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1905611
Karsgaard, C., & Shultz, L. (2022). Youth movements and climate education for justice. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1808
Kemper, T. D. (2001). A structural approach to social movement emotions. In J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper, & F. Polletta (Eds.), Passionate politics: Emotions and social movements (pp. 58–73). Chicago University Press.
Kerr, J., & Adamov Ferguson, K. (2021). Ethical relationality and Indigenous storywork principles as methodology: Addressing settler-colonial divides in inner-city educational research. Qualitative Inquiry, 27(6), 706–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800420971864
Klassen, A., & Galway, L. P. (2023). The role of emotions in generating and sustaining climate action for youth climate champions: An exploratory study in Northern Ontario. Journal of Mental Health and Climate Change, 1(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8320443
Kleres, J., & Wettergren, Å. (2017). Fear, hope, anger, and guilt in climate activism. Social Movement Studies, 16(5), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2017.1344546
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.2307/1163320
Lam, S., & Trott, C. D. (2024). Intergenerational solidarities for climate healing: The case for critical methodologies and decolonial research practices. Children’s Geographies, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2023.2301546
Lammy, D. (2020, October). Climate justice can’t happen without racial justice [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_lammy_climate_justice_can_t_happen_without_racial_justice
Learning for a Sustainable Future. (2022). Canadians’ perspectives on climate change and education: 2022. https://lsf-lst.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Canadians-Perspectives-on-Climate-Change-and-Education-2022-s.pdf
LeCompte, M. D., & Schensul, J. J. (2010). Designing and conducting ethnographic research: An introduction (2nd ed.). Altamira Press.
Leite, S. (2024). Towards a transformative climate change education: Questions and pedagogies. Environmental Education Research, 30(12), 2376–2393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2024.2365983
Liou, A., & Literat, I. (2020). “We need you to listen to us”: Youth activist perspectives on intergenerational dynamics and adult solidarity in youth movements. International Journal of Communication, 14, 4662–4682. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15807/3209
Lowan-Trudeau, G. (2017). Protest as pedagogy: Exploring teaching and learning in Indigenous environmental movements. The Journal of Environmental Education, 48(2), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1171197
MacKay, M., Parlee, B., & Karsgaard, C. (2020). Youth engagement in climate change action: Case study on Indigenous youth at COP24. Sustainability, 12(16), 6299. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166299
Malowa, V., Owor, A., Merissa, E., Lado, S., & Mayelle, H. (2020, January 31). The erasure of Vanessa Nakate portrays an idealised climate activism. LSE Research Online. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103753/1/Vanessa_Nakate_s_erasure_portrays_an_idealised_climate_activism_Africa_at_LSE.pdf
Manni, A., & Knekta, E. (2020). “A little less conversation, a little more action please”: Examining students’ voices on education, transgression, and societal change. Sustainability, 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156231
Martiskainen, M., Axon, S., Sovacool, B. K., Sareen, S., Del Rio, D. F., & Axon, K. (2020). Contextualizing climate justice activism: Knowledge, emotions, motivations, and actions among climate strikers in six cities. Global Environmental Change, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102180
McFadden, C. (2020). Vanessa Nakate and perceptions of Black student activists. Journal of Sustainability Education, 24. https://www.susted.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/McFadden-JSE-December-2020-General-Issue-PDF.pdf
McGimpsey, I., Rousell, D., & Howard, F. (2023). A double bind: Youth activism, climate change, and education. Educational Review, 75(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2119021
McGuire, M. M. (2023, September 21). Why we should stop using acronyms like BIPOC. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-we-should-stop-using-acronyms-like-bipoc-211472
McGregor, C., & Christie, B. (2021). Towards climate justice education: Views from activists and educators in Scotland. Environmental Education Research, 27(5), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2020.1865881
McGregor, C., Scandrett, E., Christie, B., & Crowther, J. (2018). Climate justice education: From social movement learning to schooling. In T. Jafry (Ed.) Routledge handbook of climate justice (pp. 494–508). Routledge.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Miller, D. A., Cronin, T., Garcia, A. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (2009). The relative impact of anger and efficacy on collective action is affected by feelings of fear. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 445–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209105046
Monroe, M. C., Plate, R. R., Oxarart, A., Bowers, A., & Chaves, W. A. (2017). Identifying effective climate change education strategies: A systematic review of the research. Environmental Education Research, 25(6), 791–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1360842
Neas, S. (2023). Narratives and impacts of formal climate education experienced by young climate activists. Environmental Education Research, 29(12), 1832–1848. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2023.2193684
Ojala, M., Cunsolo, A., Ogunbode, C. A., & Middleton, J. (2021). Anxiety, worry, and grief in a time of environmental and climate crisis: A narrative review. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46(1), 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-022716
Oto, R. (2023). “This is for us, not them”: Troubling adultism through a pedagogy of solidarity in youth organizing and activism. Theory & Research in Social Education, 51(4), 530–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2023.2208538
Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(3), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12441244
Patterson, M. L., Markey, M. A., & Somers, J. M. (2012). Multiple paths to just ends: Using narrative interviews and timelines to explore health equity and homelessness. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11, 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069120110020
Pratt, A. B., & Rosiek, J. L. (2021). Narrative inquiry and anti-racist teaching: Considering foundational questions about (re)storying in struggles for racial justice. Teaching and Teacher Education, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103487
Rafaely, D., & Barnes, B. (2020). African climate activism, media, and the denial of racism: The tacit silencing of Vanessa Nakate. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 6(2/2), 71–86.
Ray, S. J. (2021, March 21). Climate anxiety is an overwhelmingly White phenomenon. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-unbearable-whiteness-of-climate-anxiety/
Regan, P. (2010). Unsettling the settler within: Indian Residential Schools, truth telling, and reconciliation in Canada. University of British Columbia Press.
Reid, A. (2019). Climate change education and research: Possibilities and potentials versus problems and perils. Environmental Education Research, 25(6), 767–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1664075
Rudman, D. L., & Aldrich, R. M. (2017). Discerning the social in individual stories of occupation through critical narrative inquiry. Journal of Occupational Science, 24(4), 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2017.1369144
Serriere, S. C., & Riley, T. (2024). Heavy on the solidarity, light on the adultism: Adult supports for youth activism. Democracy and Education, 32(1), 1–11. https://democracyeducationjournal.org/home/vol32/iss1/3
Singh, V. (2021). Toward a transdisciplinary, justice-centered pedagogy of climate change. In R. Iyengar & C. T. Kwauk (Eds.), Curriculum and learning for climate action (pp. 169–187). Brill.
Sloan Morgan, O., Melchior, F., Thomas, K., & McNab‐Coombs, L. (2023). Youth and climate justice: Representations of young people in action for sustainable futures. The Geographical Journal, 190(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12547
Sorce, G., & Dumitrica, D. (2021). #fighteverycrisis: Pandemic shifts in Fridays for Future’s protest communication frames. Environmental Communication, 17(3), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1948435
Squire, C. (2008). Experience-centred and culturally-oriented approaches to narrative. In M. Andrews, C.
Squire, & M. Tamboukou (Eds.), Doing narrative research (pp. 41–63). SAGE.
Stapleton, S. R. (2019). A case for climate justice education: American youth connecting to intragenerational climate injustice in Bangladesh. Environmental Education Research, 25(5), 732–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1472220
Stapleton, S. R. (2020). Toward critical environmental education: A standpoint analysis of race in the American environmental context. Environmental Education Research, 26(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1648768
Stein, S. (2024). Making space for critical climate education. About Campus: Enriching The Student Learning Experience, 29(5), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/10864822241284622
Sultana, F. (2024). Urgency, complexities, and strategies to confront climate coloniality and decolonize pathways for climate justice. In F. Sultana (Ed.), Confronting climate coloniality: Decolonizing pathways for climate justice (pp. 1–27). Routledge.
Thomas, L. (2022). The intersectional environmentalist: How to dismantle systems of oppression to protect people + planet. Souvenir Press.
Trott, C. D. (2021). What difference does it make? Exploring the transformative potential of everyday climate crisis activism by children and youth. Children’s Geographies, 19(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2020.1870663
Trott, C. D., Lam, S., Roncker, J., Gray, E-S., Courtney, R. H., & Even, T. L. (2023). Justice in climate change education: A systematic review. Environmental Education Research, 29(11), 1535–1572. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2023.2181265
Trott, C. D. (2024a). Envisioning action‐oriented and justice‐driven climate change education: Insights from youth climate justice activists. Children & Society, 38(5), 1802–1823. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12846
Trott, C. D. (2024b). Activism as education in and through the youth climate justice movement. British Educational Research Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.4082
Trott, C. D. (2024c). “It can’t just be the younger people”: Exploring young activists’ perspectives on intergenerational tensions and solidarities for climate justice. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70001
Vamvalis, M. (2023). “We’re fighting for our lives”: Centering affective, collective and systemic approaches to climate justice education as a youth mental health imperative. Research in Education, 117(1), 88–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/00345237231160090
Waldron, F., Ruane, B., Oberman, R., & Morris, S. (2019). Geographical process or global injustice? Contrasting educational perspectives on climate change. Environmental Education Research, 25(6), 895–911. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1255876
Walker, C. (2020). Uneven solidarity: The school strikes for climate in global and intergenerational perspective. Sustainable Earth, 3, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-020-00024-3
Wong, P. N. Y., Singh, A., & Brumby, D. P. (2024). I just don’t quite fit in: How people of colour participate in online and offline climate activism. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 8(CSCW1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3637347
Wynes, S., & Nicholas, K. A. (2019). Climate science curricula in Canadian secondary schools focus on human warming, not scientific consensus, impacts or solutions. PloS One, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218305
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Société canadienne pour l'étude de l'éducation 2025

Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
La Revue canadienne de l’éducation utilise la licence CC BY-NC-ND de Creative Commons. Pour la permission de reproduire la totalité ou une partie d’un article, veuillez communiquer avec la directrice de la publication.